Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence was proposed by philosophers and mathematicians such as George Bull, who presented laws and theories about logic. With the invention of electronic computers in 1943, artificial intelligence called the scientists of that time to a great challenge. With the invention of electronic computers in 1943, artificial intelligence called the scientists of that time to a great challenge. In this situation, it seemed that this technology would be able to simulate intelligent behavior.
Despite the opposition of a group of thinkers, with artificial intelligence who doubted its effectiveness, only after four decades, we saw the birth of chess machines and other intelligent systems in various industries.
Research in the field of artificial intelligence
The field of artificial intelligence research began in a workshop at Dartmouth College in 1956. Participants Alan Newell (Carnegie Mellon University), Herbert Simon (Carnegie Mellon University), John McCarthy (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Marvin Minsky (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Arthur Samuel (IBM) became founders and research leaders in the field of artificial intelligence. Together with their students, they wrote programs that the press described as “amazing,” computers learned winning strategies for the game of checkers, solved algebra questions, proved logical theorems, and now speak English. In the mid-1960s, the US Department of Defense made heavy investments in the field of artificial intelligence research, and many laboratories were established around the world in that decade. The founders of artificial intelligence were optimistic about the future: Herbert Simon predicted that “within twenty years machines will be able to do anything a human can do”. Marvin Minsky wrote: “Within a generation… the problem of artificial intelligence will be basically solved.”
Naming artificial intelligence
The name artificial intelligence was invented in 1965 as a new knowledge. Of course, the activity in this field started in 1960. Most of the early research work in artificial intelligence was on playing games mechanically and proving mathematical theorems with the help of computers. At the beginning, it seemed that computers would be able to perform such activities only by using a large number of discoveries and searches for problem-solving paths and then choosing the best way to solve them.The term artificial intelligence
It was used for the first time by John McCarthy (who is known as the father of the science and knowledge of producing intelligent machines). He is the inventor of one of the artificial intelligence programming languages called Lisp. With this title, one can understand the identity of the intelligent behaviors of an artificial tool (man-made, unnatural, synthetic), while artificial intelligence is accepted as a general term that includes intelligent and composite calculations (composed of synthetic materials).
What is artificial intelligence?
A precise definition for artificial intelligence that is agreed upon by the scientists of this knowledge has not yet been provided, and this is not surprising at all; Because the mother category and more fundamental than that, i.e. intelligence itself, has not yet been comprehensively and comprehensively defined. In fact, we can find generations of scientists who have spent their whole lives studying and trying to find an answer to this major question: What is intellect?
But most of the definitions provided in this field are based on one of the following 4 beliefs:
Systems that think logically.
Systems that act logically.
Systems that think like humans.
Systems that act like humans.
Description for artificial intelligence
Perhaps Artificial intelligence can be described as follow: “Artificial intelligence is the study of how computers can be made to do things that humans currently do better.” Artificial intelligence refers to the intelligence that a machine exhibits or to the knowledge in a computer that it tries to create. Most of the writings and articles related to artificial intelligence have defined it as “cognition and design of intelligent agents”. An intelligent agent is a system that increases its chances of success by knowing its surroundings.The nature of artificial intelligence:
In general, the existential nature of intelligence is the concept of gathering information, induction and analysis of experiences in order to reach knowledge or provide a decision. In fact, intelligence is considered as the concept of applying experience in order to solve received problems. Artificial intelligence is the science and engineering of creating smart machines by using computers and taking models from the understanding of human or animal intelligence and finally achieving the mechanism of artificial intelligence at the level of human intelligence.
Comparison of artificial and human intelligence:
Comparing artificial intelligence with human intelligence, it can be said that humans are able to observe, analyze issues, in order to make judgments and make decisions, while artificial intelligence is based on rules and processes already embedded in the computer. As a result, despite the existence of very efficient and powerful computers in the current era, we have not yet been able to implement a system close to human intelligence in creating artificial intelligence.
In general, artificial intelligence can be studied from different angles. We have to differentiate between artificial intelligence as a goal, academic discipline, or as a set of techniques and solutions that are regulated and developed by different scientific centers and different industries.
Article by Iranian researchers in the field of artificial intelligence:
Iranian researchers have published 1,830 articles in the field of artificial intelligence, of which 1,672, or about 92% of the articles presented, are scientifically valid. The countries of Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Jordan, Qatar, Lebanon, Oman, Kuwait, Bahrain, Yemen and Syria are ranked after Iran. Also, Iran ranks ninth among 155 countries in the world that have the knowledge of artificial intelligence. China is the leader of the world in the field of artificial intelligence. It is noteworthy that Iranian researchers are also ranked higher than South Korea, Australia, Canada, Spain, Brazil, Malaysia, Singapore and Poland in the achievement of knowledge and research in the field of artificial intelligence.
Statistics from the assistant director:
According to the statistics provided by the Vice President of Science and Technology, currently 60 countries have prepared a national document for the development of this applied technology in their country. In this regard, 10 countries, China, Vietnam, Indonesia, America, Thailand, Brazil, France, England, Poland, and Italy have grown significantly and have the highest use of this technology. Estimates show that the economic volume of this emerging technology in the world by 2030 is estimated to be around 16 thousand billion dollars. Also, based on global statistics, 47% of all jobs in 2030 are expected to be automated without human presence.Artificial Intelligence teaching in Iran
Undoubtedly, artificial intelligence technology should be considered as one of the biggest economic openings of the country in the near future. In recent years, with the growing scientific and technological level of the country, Iran has become aware of the importance of developing artificial intelligence along with other countries in the world. In this regard, universities, as scientific centers, have been the pioneers in the development of artificial intelligence technology, and currently, many universities in Iran offer artificial intelligence as one of their academic programs to applicants for studies in this field.
Universities:
Sharif, Amir Kabir, Tehran, Alam and Sanat, Shahid Beheshti, Khajeh Nasiruddin Tosi, Isfahan Industrial, Shiraz, Ferdowsi Mashhad and Isfahan University can be named as the best universities in this field in terms of academic level of professors, quality, rank and academic level of the university.
Iran’s scientific achievements in the field of artificial intelligence in 2018 made Iran the leader in the science of artificial intelligence in West Asia in the Cymgo ranking system, which is a research group in Spain.
Usages of artificial intelligence:
The use of artificial intelligence is not limited to one or more fields. All economic, social, political activists and in general all service sectors in any country can use artificial intelligence in order to advance their goals and save time and money. Perhaps mentioning a few examples will clarify the place of artificial intelligence in everyday life and its importance. Law and legal fields are one of the platforms for the use of artificial intelligence. Since most of the investigations that are carried out in the field of law and handling of complaints are very time-consuming and expensive, and on the other hand, considering that humans are prone to mistakes and can make mistakes, and the smallest mistake of a lawyer may cost the life of a person. Therefore, many law firms have turned to electronic discovery systems using artificial intelligence. These systems screen emails and documents to identify items relevant to a lawsuit. According to statistics, electronic discovery systems save almost 95% of attorney’s time.
financial services:
Financial services is another sector where artificial intelligence is used to make decisions. In this field, companies can use this technology to immediately analyze data, for example, a bank can use artificial intelligence to provide better offers of bank services to customers, and by analyzing market conditions, past customer decisions and recent events in his life, to provide the best services to his customers.
Application of artificial intelligence:
The application of artificial intelligence in the field of transportation and traffic is also very important, for example, the intelligent management of transportation and traffic is now done through artificial intelligence tools with the least amount of mistakes. These cases are only a small part of artificial intelligence applications in different fields. Despite this, the use of artificial intelligence is increasing day by day in the world, and new technologies are introduced into people’s lives with the help of artificial intelligence functions.
Supporting the development of artificial intelligence technology:
In Iran, the support for the development of artificial intelligence technology is followed by the digital economy technology development headquarters of the vice presidential scientific and technology department. This headquarters has announced that it is seeking a five-fold increase in public and private investments in this global industry, and this necessity has also been understood in Iran, on this basis, the country’s experts and scientific leaders are trying to create a ecosystem of technology and innovation of intelligence by entering this field to promote artificial in the country.
Actions in this direction:
One of the measures taken in this direction is to try to increase the number of startups in this field to about 200, so that investors can be encouraged to participate in the field of artificial intelligence. Based on this, the Artificial Intelligence Technology Headquarters has entered into negotiations with three active universities in this field to set up specialized artificial intelligence laboratories in these universities. According to the Vice President of Technology and Innovation of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, currently Iran has a good position in the world in the field of knowledge and the use of human resources in the field of artificial intelligence. Also, Iran is ranked 7th to 15th in the world in terms of university graduates and the development of artificial intelligence technology.Artificial intelligence against COVID-19
Perhaps it can be said that one of the most important platforms to understand the effectiveness of artificial intelligence and its applications is the current state of the country. In fact, the necessity of artificial intelligence was better understood when the world was faced with the spread of epidemic viruses such as COVID-19. In other words, robots and artificial intelligence enter the field when human-to-human communication should be as low as possible due to the intensity of virus transmission.
Due to the increasing number of people infected with the virus and the lack of manpower in some countries to process and diagnose the disease, there is a need for tireless precision such as artificial intelligence to help patients. The first and most effective application of artificial intelligence in the fight against the corona disease is to use it to diagnose the disease, one of the main methods of diagnosing the corona disease is to use the lung photo of people suspected of having the corona. In fact, checking the presence of virus in people’s lungs and analyzing it by specialists has doubled the importance of artificial intelligence.
analyze
Obviously, if this analysis is done by a human agent, the possibility of error increases, but when this task is entrusted to artificial intelligence, the possibility of checking with higher accuracy and the possibility of less error is an advantage that artificial intelligence brings. In this regard, significant actions have taken place in Iran. Launching an online system to provide artificial intelligence services with the aim of examining patients’ lung images and diagnosing corona in them has been one of the recent applications of artificial intelligence in the country’s corona era.
The least error way to diagnose the disease
Should be mentioned that various ways have been studied in the world to diagnose the corona disease, but the most important and least error-prone method to diagnose the disease is to use a CT scan of the patient’s chest. Based on this, since the outbreak of Corona in the country, the covid-19 diagnosis system was designed with the cooperation of a team from different universities within a month, and its error rate is much lower than the two similar samples that were designed in China and Stanford. Experts say that three categories of images have been used to design and evaluate this system; Chest images of healthy people, people with covid-19 and people who were sick but did not have covid-19. Another ability that this system has is measuring the volume of the infected area, which can be used by medical centers. These medical centers can send the CT scan images online to the doctors of the system and receive the result with very high accuracy, or there is even the possibility of installing this software in the medical centers.
According to artificial intelligence technology activists and experts, currently Iran has good conditions in the world in the production of science in the field of artificial intelligence, but in the field of attracting artificial intelligence, meaning that using this capacity in different industries, more attention is needed. In fact, although the state of science production in the field of artificial intelligence is good in Iran, we do not have a significant rank in the terms of using its applications, and this technology is not used in various industries. It seems that the main reason for this is that the necessity of artificial intelligence in the country has not been explained and despite the fact that this intelligence is mentioned in the speeches of some public and private directors, but there is no serious belief in it, and this makes it difficult to us. From artificial intelligence, the necessary efforts have not been made so that this technology helps productivity as much as possible.
From the point of view of experts, although the science of artificial intelligence is considered an opportunity, but its type is intellectual software. It means that the directors and officials of the country should devote part of their time to emerging technologies. Needless to say, in order to achieve this goal, physical support should be provided along with moral support, so as long as the situation remains the same, we will not see the maximum use of artificial intelligence in various industries.
Although the experts and academics of the country believe that the right of artificial intelligence has not been fulfilled in Iran and this technology has been neglected, some people also believe that in some cases the capacity of artificial intelligence has been used at an acceptable level, for example, it is said that image processing is one of the cases In terms of infrastructure, it is undoubtedly formed on the basis of artificial intelligence, and it is artificial intelligence that makes it possible to monitor the range of air pollution and apply traffic restrictions accordingly.
Now the question is raised, why despite the ability of the country’s scientific body and experts in the expansion and development of artificial intelligence, this technology is still an imported technology in different sectors and no action has been taken to localize it? From the point of view of experts, what is taken into consideration in the science of artificial intelligence as a prerequisite or cornerstone of its formation is the “data” *debate*. If the message of artificial intelligence is understood, the data will naturally have a different nature from one industry to another and have the ability to be localized according to the infrastructure of its formation and its effect in the digital economy. For example, the requirement of commanding voice assistants with a specific language is that the person can have the data they need from that discourse. This data exists naturally in the country as an artificial intelligence infrastructure, and until the required tools can be customized and designed for this space, the required productivity cannot be provided.
The use of artificial intelligence has led to significant advances in the field of medicine and is still progressing.
According to Isna, applying artificial intelligence and machine learning in recent years has led to significant improvements in the fields of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. In this report, we examine four of the top applications of artificial intelligence in the medical field.Correctly diagnosing a disease requires years of training in the field of medicine, and even after passing the training courses, diagnosing the disease is often a difficult and time-consuming process. The demand for experts in many fields exceeds the number of available people, and the lack of experts usually delays the diagnosis of the disease and saving the patient’s life.
Machine learning, especially deep learning algorithms, have recently led to significant improvements in automatic, low-cost and more accessible disease diagnosis.
How do machines learn to recognize?
Machine learning algorithms can learn to examine patterns like doctors. An important difference between the two diagnosis is that algorithms require many examples to learn, and perhaps thousands of examples to train. Since machines are not able to read books, all these samples must be rendered digitally.
Thus, machine learning can be effective in areas where diagnostic information reviewed by a physician is presented digitally. This area can include cases like this:
• Diagnosis of lung cancer or stroke based on the patient’s CT scan.
• Assessing the risk of sudden cardiac arrest or other heart diseases based on the patient’s ECG or MRI images.
• Classification of skin lesions in the recorded images of the patient’s skin.
• Finding indicators related to the complication of Diabetic retinopathy in the images of the patient’s eyes.
Since a lot of data is available in these areas, the recognition skill of AI-based algorithms is also improving. The difference between the diagnosis with these algorithms and the diagnosis of experts is that the algorithm can reach a result in a fraction of a second and its results can be reproduced all over the world. Maybe soon everyone everywhere in the world will be able to achieve the quality of expert diagnosis at low cost.
Advances in artificial intelligence-based diagnosis
The application of machine learning in diagnosis has recently started and more systems are intervening in the integration of multiple data sources including CT scan, MRI, patient data and even manuscripts to evaluate the disease and its progression.
Artificial intelligence is not a substitute for doctors
It is unlikely that AI will replace doctors immediately, but AI-based systems can identify malignant lesions or dangerous heart patterns for experts and allow them to focus on interpreting these signs.
Rapid drug discovery
Drug discovery and delivery is a costly process. Many of the analytical processes required for drug discovery can be made more efficient with the help of machine learning. This method can eliminate the need for years of research and hundreds of millions of Tomans investment.
Artificial intelligence is currently being used successfully in four areas related to drug delivery:
• Identifying the target for intervention.
• Discovering drug options.
• Accelerate clinical trials.
• Finding biomarkers for disease diagnosis.
Identify the goal of the intervention
The first step to drug discovery is to understand the biological root of the disease and its resistance mechanism. After this stage, the desired targets, which are usually proteins, should be identified to help treat the disease. Methods such as the widely available “small hairpin RNA” (shRNA) assay have significantly increased the amount of data that can be evaluated to discover therapeutic pathways, but using old methods is still a challenge to integrate the vast resources and It is considered a variety of data.
Machine learning algorithms can analyze the available data in a simpler way and even learn to automatically identify the desired proteins.
discovery of drug options
At this stage, researchers must find a compound that interacts with the identified molecule. This work requires the examination of a large number of possible compounds to determine their effect on the target, which can be naturally or experimentally presented.
Current softwares are often sloppy and take a lot of time to review, but AI algorithms can be useful at this stage as well. These algorithms predict the durability of a molecule based on its structure and then select the best molecule from among millions of molecules with the least side effects. In this way, considerable time will be saved in providing medicine.
Accelerating clinical trials
Finding the right options for clinical trials is a difficult task, and if these options are chosen incorrectly, they will add significant time and cost to the trial.
Machine learning can speed up the design of clinical trials by automatically identifying appropriate options and ensuring their use for specific groups of participants. Algorithms can separate good and bad options to choose the best one possible.
These algorithms can act as a warning system in clinical trials so that a trial that does not have an effective result is not performed. In this way, researchers can intervene in time.
Finding biomarkers for disease diagnosis
It is possible to treat a patient only when we are sure of the correct diagnosis. Some diagnostic methods are very expensive and require sophisticated laboratory equipment in addition to expert knowledge.
Biomarkers are molecules that exist in human body fluids, especially blood, and provide the necessary certainty about whether a person is sick. These molecules make the process of diagnosing a disease more safe and less expensive.
Biomarkers can also be used to check the progress of the disease so that doctors can choose the right treatment for the disease and evaluate the drug’s performance. But discovering the right biomarkers for a specific disease is a difficult task and requires a long and expensive process of examining tens of thousands of possible molecules.
Artificial intelligence can automate many manual tasks and speed up the work process. Algorithms based on artificial intelligence divide molecules into good and bad categories so that doctors can focus on investigating the best options.
Biomarkers can be used to identify:
• Diagnostic biomarker, to identify the presence of a disease in the patient’s body in time.
• Biomarker of risk, to detect the risk of disease spreading in the patient’s body.
• Pre-diagnosis biomarker, to identify the possibility of a disease spreading.
• Predictive biomarker to identify whether the patient will have a reaction to the drug or not.
Personalization of treatment
Different patients have different reactions to medicines and treatment plans; As a result, personalization of treatment can increase a person’s life span, but identifying the factors that influence the choice of treatment is a very difficult task.
By automating this complex process, machine learning can help discover features that indicate a patient will respond positively to treatment. In fact, algorithms can predict a patient’s likely response to a particular treatment.
These algorithms learn their work by examining similar patients and comparing the treatment and its outcomes. Algorithm prediction results help doctors to design the treatment plan simply and correctly.
